# System overview#

The Acconeer sensor is a mm wavelength pulsed coherent radar, which means that it transmits radio signals in short pulses where the starting phase is well known, as illustrated in Figure 31.

These transmitted signals are reflected by an object and the time elapsed between transmission and reception of the reflected signal ($$t_{delay}$$) is used to calculate the distance to the object by using

(11)#$d=\frac{t_{delay}v}{2}$
(12)#$v=\frac{c_0}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_r}}$

where $$\varepsilon_r$$ is the relative permittivity of the medium. The ‘2’ in the denominator of Eq. 11 is due to the fact that $$t_{delay}$$ is the time for the signal to travel to the object and back, hence to get the distance to the object a division by 2 is needed, as illustrated in Figure 2. The wavelength $$\lambda$$ of the 60.5 GHz carrier frequency $$f_\text{RF}$$ is roughly 5 mm in free space. This means that a 5 mm shift of the received wavelet corresponds to a 2.5 mm shift of the detected object due to the round trip distance.

Figure 32 shows a block diagram of the A111 sensor. The signal is transmitted from the Tx antenna and received by the Rx antenna, both integrated in the top layer of the A111 package substrate. In addition to the mmWave radio the sensor consists of power management and digital control, signal quantization, memory and a timing circuit.

Figure 33 shows a typical radar sweep obtained with the Envelope Service, with one object present. The range resolution of the measurement is ~0.5 mm and each data point correspond to transmission of at least one pulse (depending on averaging), hence, to sweep 30 cm, e.g. from 20 cm to 50 cm as in Figure 33, requires that 600 pulses are transmitted. The system relies on the fact that the pulses are transmitted phase coherent, which makes it possible to send multiple pulses and then combine the received signal from these pulses to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to enhance the object visibility.